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There have been many serious incidents during the Hajj, the Muslim pilgrimage to the city of Mecca, that have caused the loss of thousands of lives. Every follower of Islam is required to visit Mecca during the Hajj at least once in his or her lifetime, if able to do so; the pilgrimage is one of the Five Pillars of Islam. During the month of the Hajj, Mecca must cope with as many as three million pilgrims. Plane travel makes Mecca and the Hajj more accessible to pilgrims from all over the world. As a consequence, the Hajj has become increasingly crowded. City officials are required to control large crowds and provide food, shelter, sanitation, and emergency services for millions. It has not always been possible to prevent incidents. The stoning of the devil ritual is the most dangerous part of the pilgrimage because of the huge crowds, particularly as they cross the massive multilayer Jamarat Bridge that affords access to the pillars. ==Crushes and failures of crowd control== Sometimes the dense, surging crowds, trekking from one station of the pilgrimage to the next, cause a stampede, or more precisely, a progressive crowd collapse. At densities above 6 or 7 persons per square meter, individuals cannot move, groups are swept along in waves, individuals jostle to find breath and avoid falling and being trampled, and hundreds of deaths can occur as a result. The stoning of the devil (''ramī aj-jamarāt'') ceremony is particularly crowded and dangerous. Pilgrims fling pebbles at three walls (formerly pillars) in the city of Mina just east of Mecca. It is one of a series of ritual acts that must be performed in the Hajj. Some notable incidents include: *July 2, 1990: A stampede inside a pedestrian tunnel (Al-Ma'aisim tunnel) leading out from Mecca towards Mina and the Plains of Arafat led to the deaths of 1,426 pilgrims, many of them of Malaysian, Indonesian and Pakistani origin. *May 23, 1994: A stampede killed at least 270 pilgrims at the stoning of the Devil ritual. *April 9, 1998: at least 118 pilgrims were trampled to death and 180 injured in an incident on Jamarat Bridge. *March 5, 2001: 35 pilgrims were trampled to death in a stampede during the stoning of the Devil ritual.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=BBC News – MIDDLE EAST – Lessons from Hajj deaths )〕 *February 11, 2003: The stoning of the Devil ritual claimed 14 pilgrims' lives. *February 1, 2004: 251 pilgrims were killed and another 244 injured in a stampede during the stoning ritual in Mina.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=BBC NEWS – Hundreds killed in Hajj stampede )〕 *January 12, 2006: A stampede during the stoning of the Devil on the last day of the Hajj in Mina killed at least 346 pilgrims and injured at least 289 more. The incident occurred shortly after 13:00 local time, when a busload of travelers arrived together at the eastern access ramps to the Jamarat Bridge. This caused pilgrims to trip, rapidly resulting in a lethal stampede. An estimated two million people were performing the ritual at the time. * September 24, 2015: More than 2000 pilgrims were killed and another 950 injured during a stampede in the 2015 Hajj. The death toll could still rise since there are about 1,250 missing pilgrims and some of the injured are not expected to survive. The Saudi Vice Minister of Health officially announced 4,173 people dead in this incident in a press release,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=نائب وزير الصحة: ارتفاع عدد وفيات التدافع في منی إلی 4173 شخصا ) 〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】الصحة السعودية: ارتفاع وفيات التدافع في منى إلى 4173+وثيقة )〕 however, this page was removed from the website within three hours and requesting it would redirect the visitor to the home page. The Saudi Health Minister claimed that the published death toll was false in a Twitter post. Fars News, a semi-official news agency of Iran, provided a walkthrough video to accessing the page assuming it was out of reach due to high page requests.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Mina Tragedy Death Toll Exceeds 4,000 )〕 An AP report compiled from official reports and statements totaled the deaths at at least 1,470, over 700 more than the figures from Saudi authorities, and the worst toll so far in Mecca. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「There have been many serious incidents during the Hajj, the Muslim pilgrimage to the city of Mecca, that have caused the loss of thousands of lives. Every follower of Islam is required to visit Mecca during the Hajj at least once in his or her lifetime, if able to do so; the pilgrimage is one of the Five Pillars of Islam. During the month of the Hajj, Mecca must cope with as many as three million pilgrims.Plane travel makes Mecca and the Hajj more accessible to pilgrims from all over the world. As a consequence, the Hajj has become increasingly crowded. City officials are required to control large crowds and provide food, shelter, sanitation, and emergency services for millions. It has not always been possible to prevent incidents. The stoning of the devil ritual is the most dangerous part of the pilgrimage because of the huge crowds, particularly as they cross the massive multilayer Jamarat Bridge that affords access to the pillars.==Crushes and failures of crowd control==Sometimes the dense, surging crowds, trekking from one station of the pilgrimage to the next, cause a stampede, or more precisely, a progressive crowd collapse. At densities above 6 or 7 persons per square meter, individuals cannot move, groups are swept along in waves, individuals jostle to find breath and avoid falling and being trampled, and hundreds of deaths can occur as a result. The stoning of the devil (''ramī aj-jamarāt'') ceremony is particularly crowded and dangerous. Pilgrims fling pebbles at three walls (formerly pillars) in the city of Mina just east of Mecca. It is one of a series of ritual acts that must be performed in the Hajj.Some notable incidents include:*July 2, 1990: A stampede inside a pedestrian tunnel (Al-Ma'aisim tunnel) leading out from Mecca towards Mina and the Plains of Arafat led to the deaths of 1,426 pilgrims, many of them of Malaysian, Indonesian and Pakistani origin.*May 23, 1994: A stampede killed at least 270 pilgrims at the stoning of the Devil ritual.*April 9, 1998: at least 118 pilgrims were trampled to death and 180 injured in an incident on Jamarat Bridge.*March 5, 2001: 35 pilgrims were trampled to death in a stampede during the stoning of the Devil ritual.(【引用サイトリンク】title=BBC News – MIDDLE EAST – Lessons from Hajj deaths )*February 11, 2003: The stoning of the Devil ritual claimed 14 pilgrims' lives.*February 1, 2004: 251 pilgrims were killed and another 244 injured in a stampede during the stoning ritual in Mina.(【引用サイトリンク】title=BBC NEWS – Hundreds killed in Hajj stampede )*January 12, 2006: A stampede during the stoning of the Devil on the last day of the Hajj in Mina killed at least 346 pilgrims and injured at least 289 more. The incident occurred shortly after 13:00 local time, when a busload of travelers arrived together at the eastern access ramps to the Jamarat Bridge. This caused pilgrims to trip, rapidly resulting in a lethal stampede. An estimated two million people were performing the ritual at the time.* September 24, 2015: More than 2000 pilgrims were killed and another 950 injured during a stampede in the 2015 Hajj. The death toll could still rise since there are about 1,250 missing pilgrims and some of the injured are not expected to survive. The Saudi Vice Minister of Health officially announced 4,173 people dead in this incident in a press release,(【引用サイトリンク】title=نائب وزير الصحة: ارتفاع عدد وفيات التدافع في منی إلی 4173 شخصا ) (【引用サイトリンク】الصحة السعودية: ارتفاع وفيات التدافع في منى إلى 4173+وثيقة ) however, this page was removed from the website within three hours and requesting it would redirect the visitor to the home page. The Saudi Health Minister claimed that the published death toll was false in a Twitter post. Fars News, a semi-official news agency of Iran, provided a walkthrough video to accessing the page assuming it was out of reach due to high page requests.(【引用サイトリンク】title=Mina Tragedy Death Toll Exceeds 4,000 ) An AP report compiled from official reports and statements totaled the deaths at at least 1,470, over 700 more than the figures from Saudi authorities, and the worst toll so far in Mecca.」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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